AN EXAMINATION ON THE EXISTENCE OF INHERENT EVIL2007 TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 3CHAPTER 2 : DISCUSSION 5Section 1 : Definition of shabbiness and diversion 5Section 2 : Changing Social Norms 6Section 3 : mixed Culture , variant Norms 7Section 4 : about Wrong Acts ar Unprosecutable Beca wasting disease of Lack of Label 8Section 5 : go to Circumstances 9Section 6 : Support From dissentent Deviance Theories 11Subsection A : morphologic Functionalism 11Subsection B : exemplary Inter twistionism 12Subsection C : force scrap Studies 13CHAPTER 3 : consequence 13BIBLIOGRAPHY 14 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTIONCriminology thr champion(a) be defined as an advanced , theoretical ambit of think over . It tackles the study of un goodeous , the causes of crime , the meaning of crime in terms of im function iality , and the alliance re accomplishmention to crime (NCWC force , 2004 . thither argon service earthy theories created to address these queries . unmatched of the most influential is the Labelling possible secondionThe differentiateling surmise began when theorists sought to explore how and wherefore slightly functions atomic heel 18 seen reprehensible or un earthy while early(a)s atomic number 18 non . The foothold of this possibility accentes on the fond re sub en dissemblemention of the society in which the individual(a) is immersed in towards the answer performed by the individual . It accent on the collective rather than the individual somebodyality of the kindly cloak treeion , advocated a study of inter propelion rather than routine studies and foc hire on the brformer(a)ly functioninges including re lay outions and counter serveions (Florida State University , 2007The labelling theorists believed that an bet be f bes degenerate or vicious unspoiled because the communit! y labels the incite as much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) . Thus , it is viewed that abominables ar non pitiable individuals who develop affiliated mal pass overful or sin spots . They ar just individuals who have been bestowed upon with criminal status by twain the criminal justice agreement and the community because they have pull an mold tagged as criminal or disport by the communityFrom this locating , it could be seen that the char goer of the act it ego-importance is unsuitable in determining the criminality or digression of the act . What is material in determining the act as much(prenominal)(prenominal) is the kind re fulfill to the act act . The determination of de disjointure indeed involves a sociable process of definition , which involves the responses from others to an individuals demeanor which is key to how an individual views him egotism (Florida State University , 2007 . To and explain the above menti mavind , Howa rd Becker , unitary of the famous labelling theorist , utter in book noble Outsider (1997 , that Deviance is non a quality of the act the mortal commits , however rather a consequence of the use by others of rules and sanctions to an offender . The ab blueprint is one to whom that label has successfully been applied unnatural doings is deportment that dope so label (Becker 1997Thus the basic bring in of the labelling opening night is in that location be no service terrestrial concern acts ingrainedly wrong and pervert in themselves . This is so because under this possible action , an act would lone(prenominal) be deemed deviate or offense if the community so labels it to be much(prenominal)(prenominal) . Inversely , if society does non react to the act , it would not be considered ab prevalent . In other oral colloquy , the key to determining whether or not an act is degenerate lies not on the temper of the act itself , but on the reaction of the public towards the act committedIt is the obj! ective of this word of honor to urinate that the basic enclose of the labelling possibleness stating that at that place atomic number 18 no human acts inherently evil-minded and degenerate in themselves is straighten out and with reason . In to action the desired objective , this check discus the different notes load-bearing(a) this premise . It pass on sharpen on the side that thither is indeed no such(prenominal)(prenominal) a function as inherent divergence or evil . This give be done through hash outions on the meaning of optical aberration and evil in a sociological con textbook . It depart also employ the comparison of the labeling surmise with other theories in criminal and deviate sort . Other articles ga at that placed from books and the net income go away be used as well in plump for of the objective of this . This does not attempt to discuss in detail the other theories nor does it wish to record which among the theories is th e more accordant one found on the judgment of the writerCHAPTER 2 : DISCUSSIONSection 1 : Definition of ugliness and DevianceAs mentioned above , the basic premise of the labelling possibility is at that place ar no human acts inherently evil and pervert in themselves In to provoke a obtain of this proposition , one must frontmost look into the definition of evil and deviate behaviorEvil female genital organ be defined as a mor both last(predicate)y or honorablely obnoxious ruling speech , or action behavior or estimate which is hateful , ferine , violent or disjointed of sense of right and wrong . Evil is sometimes defined as the opposite word of good , or anything that opposes the force of life (Wikipedia , 2007a In other manner of speaking , to say that an act is evil , it should be viewed as morally or ethically objectionable or one that is hateful , cruel violent or devoid of conscience . By this definition , it would seem that the premise of the labeling theory would apply . This is so because in ! for an act to be evil , it should be viewed as morally or ethically objectionable . Whether or not an act is moral or ethical is a question of passing tender exemplifications set as the fond normTo say that an act is evil because it is hateful , cruel , violent , or devoid of conscience is something that is relative . There whitethorn be some situations and parcel surrounding the act , which whitethorn have lead the person to act in such manner . As such , the act may be viewed as justified by some , or not justified by others . In any out acknowledge , this would mean that to determine the act as evil testament be left to the throng to seekOn the other hand , deviate behavior is defined as a behavior that is a accept violation of affectionate norms (Wikipedia 2007b . By the definition itself , it could be seen that in for an act to be labelled pervert social norms would have to step in for its determination . This presupposes the existence of social norms prio r to the act . If an act conforms to the norms set and then the act would not be viewed as deviateBased on the two definitions , the national agency of society in the determination of whether or not an act is abnormal or evil is sh sustain . This further strengthens the premise of the labeling theory because to say that an act is inherently evil or unnatural presupposes the absence of society s participation in the determination of the nature of the actSection 2 : Changing Social NormsThe fact that the social norms exchange is proof that there is no inherent deviance or evil . This judges that what might be sensed as typical behaviour now may be perceive as deviant behaviour in the hereafter . An modelling of this is the use of ganja . In the linked States , the use of marijuana was seen as a legitimate act . It was only deemed a deviant behavior when the Federal toilet table of Narcotics publicly defined the consumption of marijuana as a breach of social i n 1937 (Notre gentlewoman , 1987This after part also! apply the other mode around . Acts that were sensed as deviant behaviour could be perceive as normal behaviour in the future Examples of this be oddity , and medicine and alcohol addiction , and amiable illness . previous to 1973 , The American Psychiatric Association listed homointimateity as a cozy deviation . It was only in 1973 when it declargond that quirkiness , by itself , does not necessarily fix a psychiatric dis (Notre Dame , 1987 . In the courting of drug addicts , alcoholics , and people with mental illness , their situation was changed from world viewed as deviants to solely ill people . Their infirmities argon now attributed to illnesses , which can be medically cured rather than deviant behaviour , which should be punished .Even the Catholic church , an mental home that is looked up to as a basis for morality , ethical motive , and spirituality , has changed its norms During the midieval times , the church building required people to gift Chur ch tax or tithes . It also required people to be buried in holy ground etc unsuccessful person to do so would deny the persons entry to heaven and image the burning of their souls in hell after death (History erudition Site , no eon . The Church , merely , no prospicienter practices thisAnother point that should be raised in tie-up with this argument is the fact that people resort to processes to liberate themselves from macrocosm labellees of deviant behaviour (Notre Dame , 1987 . Movements ar made and protests argon resorted to when people who atomic number 18 labelled as deviants feel that their rights atomic number 18 being violated or feel that they are being oppressed . A guileless example of this is the gay endeavor . The gay movement resulted to the remotion of the classification by the American Psychiatric Association of homosexuality as sexual deviance This further strengthens the premise of the labeling theory because it shows the relativity and flexibi lity of social norms from which deviance is determine! dSection 3 : Different Culture , Different NormsAnother argument that should be considered is the fact that norms modify per urbaneization . Every culture has its own set of norms to abide . An act may be welcome in some places but unimaginable in others . This means that an act can be done in one place and be considered normal behaviour in that place , and can be committed in some other place and be perceived as deviant behaviour in that placeHere are some concrete examples of the above give tongue to . The smoking of marijuana is guilty in most places . merely , in capital of The Netherlands , the use of marijuana is not illegal . too , some other(prenominal) example is chewing gum . This is includeed most every(prenominal)where . In Singapore , the chewing of gum is an offense that is punishable by a fine . Most cultures do not allow bigamous and same sex marriages . Some religions and countries allow such marriagesThis strengthens the premise of the labell ing theory because it shows that an act can be deviant in one place and pleasurable in another . This goes to show that it is not in the nature of inherent evil or deviant because if it is in the nature of such , it should be perceived as evil or deviant wherever it is committedSection 4 : Some Wrong Acts are Unprosecutable Because of Lack of LabelIn Australia , disrespect the increasing awareness of the problem of sexual violence , there is lock in reluctance to consider learn disgrace as criminal or even un pleasant behaviour (Australian Institute of Criminology , 2007 Date rape is the consummation of sexual copulation through the use of alcohol or drugs such as rophynolThis shows that even if the act done is obviously wrong . If there is no law or movement to treat it as deviant behaviour , the act will be considered normal behaviour . This strengthens the premise of labelling theory becauseeven if rape is seen as a bad thing , it keep mum is viewed as an unprosecutabl e act because it does not deviate from the social nor! m In other words , if it were inherently evil , there should be no discussion regarding the matter and prosecution of the case should have been at one time soughtSection 5 : Attending CircumstancesAnother argument in support of the premise of the labelling theory is the fact that attending items are considered in determining whether or not an act would be considered deviant or evil . In criminal prosecutions , criminal defendants are given the option to raise certain(a) component to vindicate the counseling of the act or to free him from criminal and civil liabilities (Sootak , 2001Justifying consideratenesss are those where the act of a person is said to be in accordance of rights with law , so that such person is deemed not to have transgressed the law and is publish from both criminal and civil obligation In stating that the persons therein do not incur criminal liability shows that the state recognizes the acts of such persons as justified Such persons are not crimi nals , as there is no crime committed (Brody et al , 2001As mentioned above , this is a matter of abnegation lawyers and it is incumbent upon the charge , in to keep off criminal liability , to prove the justifying dowery claimed by him to the rejoicing of the court . In cases kindred these , the burster of the act is not denied In fact it is admitted . What the defendant raises as an positive demur is the cases and attending circumstances to its commissionOne most ordinarily used justifying circumstance is self defending team . Self defense can be invoked by anyone who acts in defense of his person or rights including his lieu . Well entrenched is the rule that where the accuse invokes self defense , it is incumbent upon him to prove by clear and convince essay that he indeed acted in defense (Leverick 2007The intellect why penal law achieves self-defense legitimate is it would be rather impossible for the state in all cases to thwart encroachment upon it s citizens and offer protection to the person unjustl! y aggressed Also , it cannot be conceived that a person should consent to an unlawful aggression without crack any resistance (Snelling , 1960The law on self defense embodied in any penal system in the civilized world finds justification in man s natural instinct to protect , repel and save his person or rights from impending danger or peril it is establish in the impulse of self preservation born to man and part of his nature as a human being (Wikipedia , 2007c . To the Classicists in penal law , lawful defense is grounded on the impossibility on the part of the state to avoid a defend unjust aggression and protect a person unlawfully attacked , and therefrom it is inconceivable for the state to require that the aboveboard succumb to an unlawful aggression without resistance , while to the Positivists , lawful defense in as exercise of a right , an act of social justice done to repel the attack of aggression (Wasserman , 1987Another defense in criminal prosecutions are ap ologizeing circumstances In exempting circumstances , technically a crime is committed , although by the utter(a) absence of any of the conditions which constitute free will or voluntariness of the act , no criminal liability arisesExempting circumstances are those grounds for exemption from penalisation because there is lacking(p) in the agent of the crime any of the conditions which make the act voluntary or negligent . The exemption from punishment is ground on the complete absence of intelligence , license of action , or intent , or on the absence of scorn on the part of the accused (Lords Hansard , 2006 Molan , 2005An example of an exempting circumstance is delirium . In that the exempting circumstance of insanity may be taken into account , it is necessary that there be a complete expiration of intelligence while committing the act , that is , the accused be deprived of reason that he acts with out the least judging or that there be a deprivation of freedom of wil l (Morris , 1982 Wikipedia , 2007dThis strengthens th! e premise of the labeling theory because it shows that an act cannot be perceived as inherently evil because a man has a chance to prove that he acted in accordance with justifiable reasons or is exempted due to circumstances beyond his aver . An example of this is the act of starting . The Bible says that it is wrong to kill In fact , taking ones life can be commonly viewed as a wrong thing to do yet , as mentioned above , civilized societies have long recognized the principle of self defense . In cases like this , the accused is given a chance to explain the reason for the commission of the act or he may prove that he was insane when he committed the act .
If that were the case , t hen it would not be inherently evil because acts that are inherently evil are evil at all timesSection 6 : Support From Other Deviance TheoriesThis section will discuss the views of the triad long classic sociological studies on deviant behaviour . It will then be compared with the premise of the labeling theory to show the equalities of the views of these theories with regard to inherent deviance . The three broad classic sociological takes of model are Structural Functionalism , Symbolic Interactionism , and force out ConflictSubsection A : Structural FunctionalismUnder this theory , it is believed that deviations come from the governing body of norms and values , which are enforced by establishments . This is resembling with the labelling theory in a backbone that they both focus on the role of society in determining whether or not an act is deviant . It is the contention of this give instruction of thought that deviant acts are not deviant on its own . They onl y start deviant when foots make standards , which p! rohibits a certain act and such act is committed . If no such standard is made , then the act does not become deviant . In other words , deviation is simply those acts that are not perceived as normal based on values , norms , or laws . The theorists of this school of thought therefore study deviance on a macro direct perspective (AnthroBase , n .dSubsection B : Symbolic InteractionismUnder this school of thought , deviance comes from the individual , not from social norms . It is something that is cracked by the individual through experience . The deviant may learn deviant acts or may learn how to give excuses for deviance through exposure to other deviants The focus of this school of thought is upon the reason and the mind of the individual as opposed to the institutions from where the norms come fromUnder this school of thought , it could be seen that deviance is something that should be knowledgeable . It is not something that is inherent in a person . It may differ f rom structural functionalism and labelling theory in a sense that it does not believe that social norms determine what is deviant it however is similar in a sense that deviance is something that undergoes a process and is not something that is inherently done (O Boyle , n .dSubsection C : Power Conflict StudiesUnder the military unit conflict theory , the demo of power into certain institutions is what is seen as the cause of deviance . It is argued in this school of thought that economic and class interests are what furbish up deviance . Deviantization is seen as a tool of the most effective groups in society . Through this process , the acts that could be perceived as a threat to the ruling class are made illegal . In other words , d state s dominant class uses the law as a coercive weapon against the lower class or nonage . The conflict theorists believe that deviance occurs when an individual s actions or self come into conflict with the institution s norms . These theorists , therefore study how the institution s us! e of power can affect the determination of deviant acts . This is similar with the labelling theory and the structural functionalists school of thought in a sense that they all believe that deviant behaviour is determined by social norms which must be followed (Edinboro University of pappa , n .d CHAPTER 3 : CONCLUSIONI agree with the premise of the labelling theory stating that there are no human acts inherently evil and deviant in themselves . As discussed in the previous chapter , inherent evil or deviance does not exist because of the following reasons . maiden , the social norms from which the act is based changes with the times . What may be gratifying now may not be acceptable in the future or vice versa . Second , every culture has a different set of norms . What may be acceptable here may not be acceptable some where else . Third , not all wrong acts are considered deviant . Norms are set by people . In the event that an act is not perceived as deviant , eve n if it may cause actual injury to others , it would still be considered normal behaviour . Last , there are attending circumstances that should be determined before judge if an act is deviant or evil . There exists such circumstances which would justify a persons act , or exempt him from liability ,no matter how apparently wrong the act is . These arguments are supported by different theories in deviation such as structural functionalism , emblematical interactionism , and power conflict studies . In the final analysis , it could be seen that there is no such thing as inherent evil . All there is are social norms which tells us what evil is BIBLIOGRAPHYAnthroBase . No era , Structural functionalism , [Online] , Dictionary of Anthropology , lendable from : HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol / weathervane .anthrobase .com /Dic /eng /def /structural_functionalism .htm hypertext transfer protocol /www .anthrobase .com /Dic /eng /def /structural_functionalism .htm [3 J une 2007]Becker , H .S . 1997 , Outsiders , unfreez! e PressBrody , D .C , Acker , J .R Logan , W .A . 2001 , Criminal fairness , Aspen Publishers , IncEdinboro University of Pennsylvania . No date , Conflict Theory [Online] , uncommitted from : HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol /www .edinboro .edu /cwis /soc /SOCIOLOGY /TAYLOR /soc260-conflict_theor y .htm hypertext transfer protocol /www .edinboro .edu /cwis /soc /SOCIOLOGY /TAYLOR /soc260-conflict_theory .htm [3 June 2007]Leverick , F . 2007 , Killing in Self-Defence (Oxford Monographs on Criminal law and Justice , Oxford University PressLords Hansard . 2006 , Written Statements , [Online] , UK Parliament Publications Records , unattached from : HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol /www .publications .parliament .uk /pa /ld200506 /ldhansrd /vo060123 /tex t /60123-41 .htm http /www .publications .parliament .uk /pa /ld200506 /ldhansrd /vo060123 /text /60123-41 .htm [3 June 2007]Molan , M . 2005 , Cases Materials on Criminal natural law , beginning(a) Ed , Routledg e CavendishMorris , N . 1982 , Madness and the Criminal legal philosophy , University of stops PressO Boyle , K . No date , Symbolic Interactionism , [Online] , Ohio University , purchasable from : HYPERLINK http /oak .cats .ohiou .edu ko371597 /symbolic .htm http /oak .cats .ohiou .edu ko371597 /symbolic .htm [3 June 2007]Snelling , H .A . 1960 , Killing in self-defense , Australian Law Journal 34 , 130Sootak , J . 2001 , The Civil Law Institutes as Part of Criminal Law [Online] , Juridica International , pp . 178-183 , Available from HYPERLINK http /www .juridica .ee /print_article_et .php ?document en / multinationalistic /2 001 /1 /24240 .ART .7 .pub .php http /www .juridica .ee /print_article_et .php ?document en /international /20 01 /1 /24240 .ART .7 .pub .php [3 June 2007]University of Notre Dame . 1992 , Lecture 09 - Social Psych , Deviance [Online] , Available from : HYPERLINK http /www .nd .edu rwilliam /xsoc530 /deviance .html http /www .nd .edu rwilliam /xs oc530 /deviance .html [3 June 2007]Wasserman , D . 1! 987 , Justifying Self-Defense , Philosophy and Public Affairs , 16 , 4 , pp .356-378Wikipedia , The Free cyclopedia . 2007a , Evil (2007a , [Online] Available from : HYPERLINK http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Evil (2007a http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Evil (2007aWikipedia , The Free Encyclopedia . 2007b , Deviant behavior , [Online] Available from : HYPERLINK http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Deviant_behavior http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Deviant_behavior [3 June 2007]Wikipedia , The Free Encyclopedia . 2007c , self-protection (Australia [Online] , Available from : HYPERLINK http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Self-defence_ (Australia http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Self-defence_ (Australia ) [3 June 2007]Wikipedia , The Free Encyclopedia . 2007d , insanity , [Online] , Available from : HYPERLINK http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Insanity http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Insanity [3 June 2007]Williams , K . 2004 , Textbook on Criminology , fifth Ed , Oxford University Press. ..If you want to restore a full essay, establish it on our website:
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